Imyanda ikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba igiye kwiyongera hejuru ya 4000 ku ijana mu myaka icumi iri imbere.Uruganda rukoresha ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba rwiteguye gukora iyi mibumbe?Hamwe no gukenera panne nshya yiyongera cyane kandi nibikoresho bibisi, isiganwa rirakomeje.
Imirasire y'izubagutunganya ibintu biraba ikibazo gikomeye.Icy'ingenzi mu ngamba z’Ubwongereza zeru, ingufu z'izuba ni uburyo burambye kandi burambye ku bucuruzi no mu ngo, kandi buratera imbere vuba.
Mu 2021, Ubwongereza bwiyongereyeho 730MW y’amashanyarazi mashya y’izuba, bufata ubwinshi muri 14.6GW, bwiyongereyeho 5.3 ku ijana guhera mu 2020, kandi - mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya 2022 - ingufu z’izuba zatanze 6.4 ku ijana by’amashanyarazi yose y’Ubwongereza.Muri Mata ingamba z’umutekano w’ingufu, Ishami rishinzwe ubucuruzi, ingufu n’inganda (BEIS) ryemeje ko, mu 2035, biteganijwe ko izuba ry’izuba ry’Ubwongereza riziyongera inshuro eshanu, rikazagera kuri 70GW: hafi 15 ku ijana by’Ubwongereza byari biteganijwe (no kongera) ibisabwa by'amashanyarazi, nk'uko McKinsey abivuga.
Ikibazo kigaragara nicyo gukora kubijyanye nimirasire yizuba nibimara kurangiza imyaka 30 yubuzima bwabo.Mugihe iterambere ryisoko rikomeje kwiyongera mugihe kizaza, niko ikirundo cyiyongera cyimyanda yizuba.Nk’uko ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu (IRENA) kibitangaza ngo mu Bwongereza mu myaka icumi iri imbere hateganijwe gutanga toni 30.000 z’imyanda ikomoka ku zuba.Byongeye kandi, kwiyongera kw'ibice byacitse biteganijwe ko bizagera ku isoko muri 2030, igiheimirasire y'izubaguhera mu kinyagihumbi gitangira guhungabana.IRENA ivuga ko imyanda ikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba izaba iri hagati ya miliyoni 1.7 na toni miliyoni umunani mu 2030.
Byongeye kandi, ikibazo gishobora kuba icyuho mugutanga ibikoresho fatizo birahari, hamwe nibisabwa panne yashyizweho kugirango irenze kuboneka kw'isugi.
Umuvuduko urimo kubaka inganda zikoresha ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi bwazo mu rwego rwo guhangana n'izamuka ry’imikorere idahwitse kandi ishyigikire gukora imirasire y'izuba.Muri Mukakaro, Sam Vanderhoof, impuguke mu nganda zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, yavuze ko - ku isi hose - imwe gusa mu icumi y’amafoto y’amashanyarazi (PV) yongeye gukoreshwa hamwe n’ibisigaye bikarangirira mu myanda, yongera kuvuga ku makuru yaturutse muri IRENA.
Amabwiriza & kubahiriza
Mu Bwongereza,imirasire y'izuba yashyizwe muburyo busanzwe nkaAmashanyarazi na elegitoronikiIbikoresho.iherezo ryubuzima bwabo rirakurikiranwa kandi iterambere ryibikorwa remezo bikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba biracyakomeza.
Abakora imirasire y'izuba bategekwa kwinjira muri gahunda yo kubahiriza ibicuruzwa (PCS), gutanga raporo ya tonnage yinjijwe ku isoko no kubona inoti zubahirizwa kugira ngo harebwe ibizakoreshwa mu gihe kizaza.Bagomba kandi gushyira ibicuruzwa kugirango bagire inama abakoresha nibikoresho byo kuvura ibikoresho hamwe no kujugunya neza.
Mugihe kimwe, abatanga ibicuruzwa bagomba gukusanya ibicuruzwa byanyuma.Bagomba kugira uburyo bwo gusubiza inyuma imyanda ya PV cyangwa gutanga umusanzu muri gahunda yemejwe na leta.
Icyakora, nk'uko byatangajwe na Scott Butler, Umuyobozi mukuru wa Material Focus, umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta uterwa inkunga n'amafaranga yo kubahiriza WEEE, hari ibitekerezo bimwe byihariye bizagira ingaruka ku kugarura imirasire y'izuba: “Hamwe na PV wakwitega ko hazabaho umubano ushyiraho / utangiza. ingo.Nubwo ari ibicuruzwa byo murugo, ntabwo arikintu abantu benshi bazashobora kwikorera ubwabo.
Ati: “Ndatekereza ko deinstallation igomba kuba irimo umunyamwuga wiyandikishije mu mashanyarazi… kandi bishobora kuba urufunguzo rwo gucunga iyi myanda.Nubwo bishobora kugorana kubera ko bitagenewe gutunganya imyanda, ntabwo bigoye guhinduka umwanda. ”
Butler avuga ko imirasire y'izuba yegereje ubuzima bwanyuma ishobora kugorana kuyitunganya bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’inganda: “Ku bijyanye no gutunganya ibicuruzwa, ndatekereza ko ikibazo cya PV kigiye gusobanukirwa na chimie kuko, cyane cyane mu ntangiriro, hari imiti myinshi ivanze yimiti igenda.Ibintu bigiye gutangira gusohoka ubu birashaje rwose, imyaka 20 nigihe kirekire.Birashoboka rero ko hari icyuho cy'amakuru gishobora gukenera gucomeka ku washyira ibyo ku isoko n'icyo ari cyo. ”
Gusubiramo inzira
Gutunganya ibintu kuri panne biratandukanye ukurikije imirasire yizuba, ibisanzwe muri byo bishingiye kuri silicon.Azwiho ubushobozi kandi bworoshye, imirasire y'izuba ya silicon yari ifite imigabane 73.3 ku ijana by'isoko muri 2020;firime yoroheje yari ifite 10.4 ku ijana hamwe na paneli yakozwe mubindi bikoresho (sensibilisite irangi, ifotora ifotora, ibivange kama) byagereranyaga 16.3% bisigaye (Chowdhury et al, 2020).
Iyo byegeranijwe, icyaricyo cyoseIkibaho cya PVbiragoye gusenya.Ikadiri ya aluminium hamwe nagasanduku gahuza birashobora gukurwaho bihagije;igice kitoroshye ni urupapuro rwikirahure rumeze neza, rurimo urugero ruto rwibyuma bya ferrous na ferrous, plastike nibikoresho bya semiconductor.Kubireba ibisubizo byokuvura, ikibazo ntabwo aricyo tekiniki, kuko pyrolysis, gutandukanya cryogenic (gukonjesha), hamwe no gutondagura imashini bibaho nkubuhanga bwo gutandukanya ibikoresho bitandukanye.Ikibazo gikomeye nuko panne ya PV idatanga imyanda isa no gupakira imyanda cyangwa ibikoreshwa mugihe gito.Kubwibyo, ikibazo nyamukuru nikibazo cyubukungu: ninde uzashora mumurongo wo kuvura utazi igihe imyanda izagera?
Ibikoresho bito cyane birimo uburyo bwo kuvura, busaba izindi ntambwe zinyongera zo kugarura icyuma cyitwa 'cadmium telluride' cyangiza ibidukikije.Mugihe amahitamo adakunzwe cyane, panne-firime ifite ibikoresho byiza byo gukoresha ibikoresho, kubamo igice cyoroheje cyoroshye, kuzigama ibiciro na karubone mugihe cyo gukora.Izi paneli zikora neza mumucyo wo hasi no kuri 'bikabije', bifasha muburyo bugororotse.
Kugirango ugarure ibikoresho, panele yoroheje ya PV yamenaguwe kugirango ikureho lamination, mbere yuko ibice bikomeye kandi byamazi bitandukanijwe numuyoboro uzunguruka.Filime noneho ikurwaho ikoresheje aside na peroxide, ikurikirwa no gukuraho ibikoresho bya interlayer hamwe na vibrasiya, mugihe ibirahuri nicyuma bisigaye bitandukanijwe bikagarurwa.
Imirasire y'izuba ikoreshwa ku gipimo
Nubwo ibikorwa byo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro, kuri ubu 80 kugeza 95 ku ijana gusa byibikoresho bitanga imirasire yizuba bituma bikoreshwa neza.Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, isosiyete icunga imyanda Veolia iyoboye umushinga wo kuzana imirasire y’izuba yuzuye ku nganda, mu mushinga urimo gukorwa uterwa inkunga na EIT RawMaterials.ReProSolar irimo guteza imbere uburyo bunoze bwo gutunganya ibice byanyuma byubuzima, bituma ibice byose bya PV bishingiye kuri silicon bigarurwa.
Ukoresheje tekinoroji yo gutandukanya selile yizuba nisahani yikirahure, inzira yumubiri nubumashini bigarura ibikoresho byose, harimo ifeza nziza na silikoni, bitarimbuye modules ya PV.
Ku bufatanye na FLAXRES GmbH na ROSI Solar, ebyiriibigo by'ikoranabuhangazirimo gutegura uburyo bushya bwo kugarura ibikoresho fatizo bivuye mu mbaho za PV, umushinga uzagerageza bishoboka ku rugero rw’inganda bitarenze umwaka, hamwe na toni 5.000 za moderi za PV zaciwe zizajya zitunganywa buri mwaka mu ruganda rwerekanwa mu Budage mu 2024.
Gucuruza uburyo bwuzuye bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa ni urufunguzo rwo guhangana n’isoko ryugarije isoko, kuzana isoko ryinshi ryibikoresho bya PV byagarutsweho kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa ku mbaho no gukemura ibibazo by’imyanda ikomoka ku zuba.
Inyungu nini zubukungu zishobora gukorwa mugusubirana agaciro gakomeye PV yibikoresho nkibisabwa.Ifeza, kurugero, mugihe ihwanye na 0,05 ku ijana byuburemere bwibice, igizwe na 14 ku ijana byagaciro kayo ku isoko.Ibindi byuma bifite agaciro kandi byagarurwa harimo aluminium, umuringa, na tellurium.Nk’uko Rystad Energy ibitangaza, mu gihe ibikoresho byakuwe mu mbaho za PV zirangiza ubuzima kuri ubu bifite agaciro ka miliyoni 170 z'amadolari, biteganijwe ko bifite agaciro ka miliyari zisaga 2.7 mu 2030.
Kongera guhindura imirasire y'izuba
Usibye guhanga udushya ku isi ikoresha imirasire y'izuba, ibishushanyo mbonera nabyo birasubirwamo hifashishijwe gutekereza.Ishyirahamwe ry’Ubuholandi rishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi (TNO) ryerekanye imirasire y’izuba ryakozwe vuba aha (D4R) imirasire y'izuba mu Kuboza 2021, ryakozwe hagamijwe gutekereza ku mperuka y'ubuzima.Ikibaho, hamwe nikigereranyo cyimyaka 30 yubuzima, cyagenewe gusenywa byoroshye nta kwangiza ibice.
Ikibaho, gikomatanyirijwe hamwe na fayili ifata, ifata uburyo bukomatanyije bwo gutandukanya ingirabuzimafatizo.Inzira ni imbaraga nke kandi ntizirimo ibintu byuburozi.
Ubushakashatsi bubarizwamo imishinga ibiri, iyambere ni umushinga wa DEREC, washyizeho umwete kandi ugerageza panne ya D4R ku rugero ruto kugira ngo isenywe neza nyuma yubuzima bwa serivisi.Umushinga PARSEC uzahita wongerera ikoranabuhanga kugeza kuri D4R yuzuye kugirango ikoreshwe mu bucuruzi no gutura.
Mugihe ari panneyakozwehashize hafi imyaka 30 bitera ikibazo cyubu kubisubiramo, panne ya D4R irashobora koroshya uburyo bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa kugirango inganda ziteze imbere.Kandi, usibye panne nshya, ihuriro ririmo gukora ubushakashatsi bwubuhanga bwo gutunganya imirasire yizuba ya none, kugirango igere kuri silicon nziza kugirango ikoreshwe.
Mu gusoza
Ugereranije, udushya twerekana amasezerano mubyo twibandaho mubucuruzi, nubwo hakomeje guhangayikishwa no kumenya niba igipimo gikenewe kizuzuzwa, hamwe n’ibice byombi byacitse kandi bikenewe ku bishya byiyongera.Ariko, niba imbaraga zubucuruzi zigenda neza, kandi niba gahunda yo gukora panne yibikoresho byagaruwe neza irashobora gutangwa, inganda zikoresha izuba zirareba ubukungu bwizunguruka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-11-2023